Anorexia Nervosa Etiology, Treatment, and Related...

This paper was designed to discuss several basic topics regarding anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is and eating disorder with an incredibly high mortality rate characterized by low body weight and an obsessive fear of becoming overweight that occurs primarily in females after puberty, yet before the age of 40 years. Unfortunately, Not much is known about the causes of anorexia nervosa, but possible correlations are blood relation to a person suffering from anorexia nervosa, those who have recently experienced a stressful event, a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder or obsessive compulsive disorder in childhood, or participation in a culture or profession that values thinness. Due to the mystery of the true causes of the disorder, the†¦show more content†¦Once a person has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, the treatments typically involve intense hospital stay programs which are usually at least ten weeks long. These programs are usually effective in both the restoration of weight to the patient as well as the decrease in depression and obsessive compulsive tendencies. However, this type of treatment is discouraged by most medical insurance plans because of the length of the hospital stay as well as the cost. Consequently, this aspect of anorexia nervosa along with the possible causes, are traditionally the most common topics of research regarding anorexia nervosa (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Two main areas of research to speed up the treatment time of anorexia nervosa have been explored. These areas are developing more efficient outpatient programs, and the development of medications to restore weight and decrease obsessive and d epressive symptoms in individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa. In the experiment, â€Å"Olanzapine in the Treatment of Low Body Weight and Obsessive Thinking in Women with Anorexia Nervosa: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial†, the drug olanzapine, an antipsychotic drug with a reported side-effect of weight gain was prescribed to patients along with a traditional ten week day hospital program. The results of thoseShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1493 Words   |  6 Pages408 Hernandez Illness Paper – Anorexia Nervosa February 28, 2016 According to the Mayo Clinic (2016), eating disorders are â€Å"conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions, and your ability to function in important areas of life.† One such eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. Not to be confused with anorexia, which is simply a general loss of appetite that can be attributed to many medical ailments, anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorderRead More Childhood Sexual Abuse Impacting the Etiology of Eating Disorders1990 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood Sexual Abuse Impacting the Etiology of Eating Disorders Todays literature estimates that as many as 1 in 3 females and 1 in 7 boys have been the victim of sexual abuse. There are about 2,000 to 3,000 new cases of incest each year in each major city in the United States. It is reported by the National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse that in 1993, 2.9 million children were reported to protective services because they were being abused, neglected, or both (Schwartz). 16%Read MoreThe Treatment Of Eating Disorders4614 Words   |  19 Pagescriteria and symptoms a person must exhibit in order to be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa or bulimia. These symptoms primarily relate to a disturbance in eating pattern, weight loss, an intense fear of being fat, and a disturbed body image. The etiology of eating disorders is not clearly understood, but psychological, sociocultural, and biological factors need to be considered. The treatment approach for anorexia nervosa and bulimia is also challenging and can present with serious medical complic ationsRead MoreEssay on Biochemical Correlates of Anorexia and Bulimia1070 Words   |  5 PagesBiochemical Correlates of Anorexia and Bulimia Millions of people in the United States suffer from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is a dangerous eating disorder characterized by distorted body image, obsession with food and weight, drastic reduction in food intake often to the point of starvation, and extreme weight loss (1). Bulimia nervosa is a somewhat similar eating disorder more specifically characterized by recurring episodes of uncontrollable binge eating followedRead MoreEffects Of Eating Disorders On Children And Adolescents2521 Words   |  11 Pageschildren and adolescents, eating disorders can overlap in many instances. As an example, some children alternate between periods of anorexia and bulimia. Eating disorders typically develop during adolescence or early adulthood. However, research has shown that they can start in childhood, too. Females are much more vulnerable. Only an estimated 5% to 15% of people with anorexia or bulimia are male. With binge eating, the number rises to 35% male (Ame rican Psychological Association, 2000). It is importantRead MoreEating Disorders Are A Potential And Critical Concern2762 Words   |  12 Pagescategorical diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. Hoek and van Hoeken (2003) reported that the prevalence of bulimia nervosa has tripled from 1988-1993 for woman ages ten to thirty-nine. Many people who develop eating disorders do not seek the essential help they need and attempt to mask the serious illness. Thus, the estimated reports of bulimia nervosa are presumably subordinate (Heok van Hoeken, 2003). It is important for school counselors to understand bulimia nervosa in its entirety. The knowledgeRead MoreEssay on Linking Eating Disorders With Genetics1871 Words   |  8 Pagescontinue eating large amounts of food. At this point, you may be wondering why these examples are not considered Bulimia Nervosa. According to Dr. Richard Allan Gordon, author of Eating Disorders: Anatomy of a Social Epidemic, these examples â€Å"show little evidenc e of a preoccupation with thinness and are unlikely examples of the modern eating disorder. In fact, the existence of Bulimia Nervosa as a distinct disorder prior to the twentieth century is highly unlikely...and even within the twentieth centuryRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1477 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. They all involve serious disturbances in weight regulation and eating habits, accompanied by adverse effects on social, psychological and physical aspects of one’s life (‘Eating disorders: About more than food’, n.d.). This essay will specifically be focusing on bulimia nervosa, as research shows a higher level of stigma associated with it, compared to other eating disorders (Roehrig McLean, 2009). Bulimia nervosa is characterisedRead MorePanic Disorder And Anxiety Disorder1674 Words   |  7 PagesPanic Disorder refers to an overwhelming fear, terror, or fright that is usually referred to as panic, one that happens to an individual several times in his or her life. She goes on to describe panic as a situation that is short-lived and frequently related to a terrifying event that happens in an individual’s life. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to provide a detailed discussion that shows a definitive picture of panic disorder. In order to enhance one’s understanding on what a panic disorderRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Body Dissatisfaction And Eating Disordered Behavior Essay1931 Words   |  8 PagesBackground: Dissatisfaction with the size, weight, and shape of one’s body contributes to the risk of developing an eating disorder. Body dissatisfaction appears common among adolescents, but there is little information available on changes in prevalence over time. Purpose: We aim to study temporal changes in body dissatisfaction and eating disordered behavior between 1999 and 2007 and their relationship in high school aged youth. Methods: The National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data sets

The Death Of The Scout Essay - 1430 Words

Then the specter arrived, a certain fear of death, it was dull and oppressive, it came to the Scout. This fear wasted no time becoming poignant as the Scout realized that it was now no longer a mere matter of just freezing some fingers and maybe a few toes, or of losing his hands and feet altogether, but that now it was a matter of life and death with the odds solidly stacked very much against survival. This threw the Scout into a full panic, and it turned and ran up the ammonia creek-bed back along the old, dim trail. The pequoti quickly joined in behind and kept up but it kept a safe distance. The Scout now ran blindly, and without any willful intention, in fear such as it had never known before. Slowly, as the Scout ploughed and floundered through the argon snow, it began to see things again — the banks of the ammonia creek, the old-growth timber-jams, the leafless trees, and the beautiful sky. This running made the Scout feel much better. The Scout no longer shivere d. Maybe, just maybe, if the Scout ran on, its feet would thaw and dry out; and, anyway, if it ran far enough, the Scout would reach the safety of camp and the others. Without a doubt the Scout would lose maybe a finger and maybe a toe and maybe some of its face; but the others would take good care of the Scout, and save the rest upon arrival. But at the same time there was this other competing and rapidly growing thought in the Scout’s mind that said it would never get to that mining camp and theShow MoreRelatedComing of Age Novels978 Words   |  4 Pagesyear old Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch of Maycomb County, Alabama. Both characters were brought up in small, close-knit southern towns, with false views of the world, and ignorance to knowledge and experience. As the stories progess however, the two gain a new type of knowledge and realization of the world. Experiences dealing with love, death, racism and discrimination helped the character’s child-like i deas of the world blossom into a more adult-like perspective. Will and Scout had changed in ways bothRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1665 Words   |  7 Pagesmay mature through tragic moments in their life or just through time passing. Jem and Scout are two characters in â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† that have matured throughout the whole novel. These two characters went through a crucial trial and had stereotyping, racism, loss and big learning moments. Jem and Scout were just like any other child but were in stages of maturing and growing up. Children including Jem and Scout mature through the influences of family, how they deal with loss and a rude awakeningRead MoreChapter 20 : Brown Paper Bag1096 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 20: â€Å"Brown Paper Bag† Explanation: Scout and Dill are talking to Mr. Dolphus Raymond when he reveals that it is Coca-Cola that he drinks inside the paper bag. This exposes that Mr. Raymond is not a drunk, but only acts that way. Also, it illustrates that he just prefers being around colored folks rather than whites by giving other white people a reason to leave him alone, which is alcoholism. The scene then turns to Atticus giving his finally remarks at the court. Just when he finishesRead MoreThe True Meaning Of Courage1527 Words   |  7 PagesLouise â€Å"Scout† Finch in To Kill A Mockingbird. In Stranger Than Fiction, an IRS agent, Harold Crick, with a monotonous life learns that you must not only survive, but you must truly live. This lesson is taught through a series of events that lead to his breaking out of his shell and truly living his life. The events are preliminarily put into action through Harold hearing the voice of the author of a book about his life. In To Kill A Mockingbird, a tomboyish s ix-year-old, Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† FinchRead MoreMaturity And Personal Growth Often Appear Through The Experience1628 Words   |  7 Pagesof innocence affect personal growth through the way in which several innocent characters suffer the wrath of prejudices, resulting in imprisonment, murder, and near-death experiences. Harper Lee relates many of the characters to her own personal life. Lee’s father was a lawyer which led to the development of Atticus’ occupation. Scout Finch is an embodiment of Harper Lee. Mrs. Duboise’s character stemmed from Mrs. Powell Jones who was a tormentor to Harper Lee during her youth. In Mockingbird, MrsRead MoreEssay about The Narrator Debate: To Kill A Mockingbird1192 Words   |  5 PagesSome critics have argued that Scout, in To Kill A Mockingbird, is an unreliable narrator. This is simply because Scout is a child. They suspect she is too innocent, naà ¯ve, and has an unbiased view. However, Scout as the narrator is a reliable choice because she allows the reader to concentrate more on the exterior of situations, she allows the reader to make his/her opinion, and she gives the reader direction of how to cover events and certain actions in the novel. Scout, as a child narrator, helpsRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Dilemma Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagesdilemmas which caused them to eventually, become lawyers and to who have since matured and understand the world a little better. This quote demonstrates throughout the novel, how Atticus, who is a lawyer, teaches his daughter, Scout, to experience life lessons, which shows how Scout was influenced by her lawyer father which makes her understanding like a good lawyer would be. Therefore, Harper Lee uses moral and ethical dilemmas in her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, to illustrate Scout’s development throughoutRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1103 Words   |  5 Pagesmany emotions, as starts to realize the full extent of racism in Maycomb. Scout responds in this particular way.†Well Dill, after all he s just a negro†(Lee 266.)Scout is 9 years old within this age juveniles are easily influenced also look up to their elders. Scout isn’t raised the same way as Dill she’s been hearing all theses racist things and is being surrounded by many racist people all her life. Not only has Scout been followed by the topic of racism with Dill it remains to follow her toRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee785 Words   |  3 Pagespresent, the Mother of Jem and Scout. Their mother died when Jem was six and Scout was two. This is when Cal steps in to mother the children. Later on in the book Aunt Alexandra comes to live with them to help with Scouts becoming of a lady. Atticus their father tries’s his best to guide them in the right direction. Things would definitely be different if the Mother was still alive. Atticus is the one who is affected the most by the death of the mother. If her death had not taken place he would notRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 Pagesmany emotions, as starts to realize the full extent of racism in Maycomb. Scout responds in this particular way.†Well Dill, after all he s just a negro†(Lee 266.)Scout is 9 years old within this age juveniles are easily influenced and look up to their elders. Scout wasn t raised the same way as Dill she’s been hearing all theses racist things and is being surrounded by many racist people all her life. Not only has Scout been followed by the topic of racism with Dill it remains to follow her to

Description Of The Painting Essay Example For Students

Description Of The Painting Essay Description of the painting. Most of these people are simple and poor, women n with children, and the minority are rich. Their moods are very contradictory. Departure of Columbus to America was perceived in different ways by pee pole. We see that people of different social statuses have entirely differ rent reactions to his voyage. The first one Who catches the eye is a sad monk, who understands that this is the wrong attitude. In this case, he is alone. We see how a young man takes his blessing and kisses his lords hand. In addition, we can see a sad woman in a lively attire, it is most likely that SSH e is his beloved woman who sends him into the unknown, and she realizes that he may not come back. The trip is very long and dangerous. There are two of her brothers from a rich family, They both rather envy Columbus, they t hind he is very lucky, and would like to be in his place. Perhaps their father sitting in the boat with them did not give them permission to leave the country. We see a lot of poor people who are going to sail alongside Columbus as abhor force to earn money and teed their families. They are escorted by sad women who are genuinely suffering on behalf of their children a ND husbands. An elderly woman turned her gaze to her only son, who is pulling the sails on the ship. He is all that she has. We see a very rich and hightailing man, he is supposed to be a sponsor who o has invested a considerable amount of money in this voyage. His deject De wife is crying on his shoulders, accompanying him (she might be sees g him for the last time. __). The man is very serious, concentrated and he must be unhappy, because he is not sure about the success of journey (he could lose all his money). At the same time, we see a priest of high rank (Obviously he has good relationship With the Queen), he blesses Columbus for a good trip. Columbus feels himself very majestically, as a future hero. He fanatically believes and knows that there is unexplored land. He wants to BEA hero, wants to be glory fifed forever.

Psychological explanations of Schizophrenia free essay sample

The characteristics of Schizophrenia (SZ) can be categorised into two different types: Type 1 symptoms (Positive Symptoms) and Type 2 (Negative symptoms). Type 1 characteristics include things such as delusions, hallucinations and paranoia. Patients may experience things such as hearing voices, which are often said to be from God or the Devil. Type 2 symptoms however show more catatonic behaviour, for example a loss of drive, a lack of emotion or catatonic stupor. On the other hand, there are some patients who experience both type 1 and type 2 symptoms, these are therefore categorised as Disorganised as they will have disorganised behaviour and speech. There is a 1% chance of developing SZ if neither of your parents is carrying the gene, however this increases to 20% if one parent is diagnosed, and to 46% if both parents are. It is said to occur within men when they are 25 or younger, however it occurs at an older age of 25-45 for women. Discuss psychological explanations of Schizophrenia In the 1950’s and 60’s it was believed that if you belonged to a dysfunctional family that you were more likely to suffer from SZ due to the dysfunction of communication within the family. According to the different psychological explanations of SZ this is because of the high emotional tension and the many secrets and close alliances that are kept in the family. One psychological explanation of SZ was put forward by Bateson et al (1956) who looked at childhood as a base for developing SZ, for example the interactions children have with their mothers. His explanation, the Double Bind theory, states that SZ can occur due to conflicting messages given from parents to their children, for example when a parent expresses care but does so in a critical way. This means that the child will become confused as the message they are given is conflicting, as one message effectively invalidates the other. As a result, the child is left with self doubt and eventual withdrawal. Experiences such as these are said to cause SZ as they  prevent the development of an internally coherent construction of reality, in the end they are likely to experience SZ type symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations, and in some cases, paranoia. This theory therefore suggests that the home environment and the relationships a child has with their parents through messages plays a role in the development of SZ. This is because there is no clear template of a loving relationship; instead the child is always unsure if they have done something wrong due to the confli cting messages they are given. A strength of this theory is the supporting evidence from Berger. He found that SZ patients reported a higher recall of double bind statements (conflicting messages) by their mothers than non SZ patients. However this reliability of this study was criticised as patients recall may be affected by their SZ. There are said to be problems as it is called a retrospective recall, as the data is unreliable. For example, delusions may occur meaning that the patients are recalling things that didn’t happen. Another criticism of the Double Bind theory is the inability to replicate the findings across studies. This is because of individual differences, and the fact that as most of the memories were from childhood, you cannot go back in time to assess the validity of the recollections. An additional criticism is the fact that the Hawthorne Effect may have occurred. As it was an observation of the families, there is no proof that the parents will act as they normally do around their families, therefore the validity of the results reduces as the results will not show a true picture of how they really are as a parent. Also, the families are studied retrospectively, meaning they are studied long after the mental disorder may have affected the family system. This means that various family routines will have been disrupted so you will be unable to see how the family acted before a child developed SZ. This is because living with someone with SZ is difficult and distressing for all the family as it has an impact on everyone, not just the patient of SZ. A final criticism is that it is said to be an unconstructive theory as the theory blames the parents and families for a child developing SZ. By suggesting that a parent has caused SZ is at least unhelpful and at most highly destructive, as they not only have to cope with living with someone with SZ, but they are then told that it is their fault, which will lead them to feel guilty and hurt as they are blamed for a poor upbringing. A second psychological explanation of SZ is Expressed Emotion. This was developed in the late 1970’s when psychologists were more interested in how the family might play a part in the course, rather than the cause of SZ. For example, Brown found that patients who returned to homes where there was a high level of expressed emotion, for example lots of hostility, criticism and over involvement, they showed a greater tendency to relapse in comparison to those who returned to homes where there was a lower level of expressed emotion. This was supported by Linszen who found this to be four times more likely. This study suggests that a high level of emotion in the family environment plays a role in the SZ patients’ disorder becoming worse. There is also support for this explanation from Vaughn and Leff who also found that the level of expressed emotion had an affect on relapse rates amongst discharged patients. However they also studied the amount of face to face contact patients spent with relatives after discharge, and they found an increase in relapse rates as face to face contact increased, and even more so with higher levels of expressed emotion. This study suggests that the more time a SZ patient spends with a family with high levels of EE means that they are more likely to relapse. On the other hand, this study has not been replicated therefore the validity of their results is questioned. There is a lot of supporting research for this explanation, for example from Kalafi and Torabi (1996) who studied expressed emotion within families in an Iranian Culture, where mothers are extremely over protective and submissive, and fathers are more rejecting as they are not able to comfort their child as it is seen as weak in their culture. They found a higher prevalence of expressed emotion was one of the main causes of relapse, as there is a lot of negativity in the families which in the end leads to high levels of stress which they find it very difficult to cope with. This suggests that a mixture of emotion from parents in the Iranian culture plays a role in the SZ patient relapsing. However this theory was criticised as it is not clear whether EE intervention was the key element of the therapy or whether aspects of the family intervention might have helped. Therefore this leads to confusion and eventual withdrawal. Therefore there are other aspects of intervention that could be useful as it is unclear as to whether EE is helping the family as a unit. A second criticism is that many patients with SZ are either estranged from their families or have minimal contact, and yet there is no evidence that such people are less prone to relapse. Therefore it is unclear whether there is an impact. On the other hand, there are several strengths to this theory. For example, there is a lot of supporting research conducted to make the theory more valid. The EE is a well established â€Å"maintenance† model of SZ and many prospective studies have been conducted which support the EE hypothesis across many cultures, therefore the theory is also applicable cross culturally. This is also because negative emotion will most likely be found in many different cultures. There has also been an argument as to whether the EE model is a cause or an effect of SZ. The EE model has becoming widely accepted that research is now focussing on relatives of those with SZ in order to understand better which aspects of high and low EE relate to relapse. There is evidence to support that the family members are not held responsible for a person developing SZ, for example they tend to attribute positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions to the person’s mental illness. But on the other hand, there is also evidence that some attribute negative symptoms, for example social withdrawal, to the person’s personality characteristics and in the end they are said to become over critical in an attempt to change those behaviours. Overall, it was concluded by Lopez that families characterised by negative affect (criticism) has much higher relapse rates in comparison to those with positive affect (warmth). Overall, an excellent piece of work as always, X. You have thoroughly mentioned all relevant research and remembered to elaborate after each study.